No such manuscript of the Necronomicon has turned up, and until one does, it must be considered fictional. Secondly, there must be a manuscript that scholars can examine openly and subject to tests such as carbon dating and pollen analysis. Alhazred's magical adventures lead him to the Arabian desert, the lost city of Irem, ruins of Babylon, lands of the Old Ones, and Damascus, where he encounters a variety of strange creatures and accrues necromantic secrets. However, there is no mention of a work called the Necronomicon until the 20th century. This grimoire traces the wanderings of Abdul Alhazred, a necromancer of Yemen, on his search for arcane wisdom and magic. Manuscripts of the Book of Enoch were found in Ethiopia in the 17th century, and a papyrus of the Gospel of Judas finally turned up in the 21st century. The Gospel of Judas is mentioned in the writings of the Early Church Fathers as a heretical text. For instance, the Book (possibly Books) of Enoch were mentioned in the Bible. First of all, a text is usually referenced in other historic texts. The more proper Arabic form might be Abd al-Hazred or simply Abdul Hazred, although these are still anomalous, as Hazred is not one of the 99. He is frequently cited as the author of the fabled Necronomicon, an occult text containing knowledge from beyond the Earth. "The provenance of a text is a set of criteria which scholars use to evaluate its authenticity. Abdul Alhazred, or the Mad Arab, is a recurring character in the works of H.P.